BLOSSEM OF THE YOUTH

youth

2011-07-17T09:20:00.001-07:00

helloooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

If He was married

2010-01-10T20:54:00.001-08:00

10 Ways To Improve Your Personality

2009-07-01T05:10:00.000-07:00

# Be a better listener. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was considered one of the most charming women in the world because she cultivated the skill of being an exceptional listener. She would look a person in the eyes and hang on their every word. Nothing is more appealing than having someone listening to you intently and making you feel like you're the only person in the world.

# Read More and Expand Your Interests. The more you read and interests you have, the more interesting you are to others. It also gives you the opportunity to meet people and share or exchange your views with them.

# Be a good conversationalist. This relates to how much you read and know. Once you have much to contribute, learn how to talk about it with others. We can't know everything, so it's refreshing to learn about things we don't have time to read about from others. If you're shy join a group like Toastmasters that encourages you to talk about what you know.

# Have an Opinion. There's nothing more tiresome than trying to talk to someone who has no opinion on anything. A conversation has nowhere to go if you have nothing to expound on. When you have a differing opinion, it makes you that much more interesting and stimulating to be around (unless you're a know-it-all, of course). A unique outlook expands everyone's perspective.

# Meet New People. Make the effort to meet new people especially those different from you. It not only exposes you to different cultures and alternate ways of doing things, it broadens your horizons.

# Be yourself. The next most tiresome thing after having no opinions is to try and be something you're not. Trying to mold yourself to fit in and be accepted usually backfires. Everyone is unique and expressing that uniqueness is what makes us interesting. If we try to be a carbon copy of someone else, the lack of genuineness comes across.

# Have a positive outlook and attitude. No one wants to be around people who are negative, complain a lot, or have nothing good to say. In fact most of us run when we see them coming. Be the kind of upbeat person that lights up a room with your energy. You can do this by looking for the best in people and things.

# Be fun and see the humorous side of life. We all like to be around someone who makes us laugh or smile. Look for the humorous or quirky side in situations. There always is one. When you are fun and lighthearted people are naturally attracted to you.

# Be supportive of others. This is probably the most endearing quality you can integrate into your personality. Just as you welcome it when you receive it, be the support for others when they need it. Everyone wants a cheerleader, someone who encourages and believes in them, in their corner.

# Have Integrity and treat people with respect. Be honest and true to your word and you will have the admiration and respect of others. Respect others and you will have their attention and gratitude. Nothing improves a person's personality more than integrity and respect - respect for others as well as respect for yourself.

Michael Jackson

2009-07-01T04:59:00.000-07:00

Michael Jackson

Michael Jackson Concert Ticket Refunds Begin Wednesday

2009-07-01T04:52:00.000-07:00

Mtv website reveal that Michael Jackson Concert Ticket Refunds Begin Wednesday,also that site describe like this"What if 750,000 other people have that same "rare" item? Beginning on Wednesday (July 1), that is the dilemma that will face MJ fans who bought tickets to the late singer's sold-out 50-show run at the O2 Arena in London. Concert promoter AEG Live announced on Monday that the fans who paid to attend the show — now canceled in light of the singer's death on Thursday — can either get fully reimbursed for their purchase or receive a keepsake copy of the ticket, which features graphics inspired and designed by Jackson himself.

AEG informed fans that they have from Wednesday until August 14 to request either the refund or the souvenir ticket at MichaelJacksonLive.com. To date, fans had reportedly shelled out more than $90 million on the tickets, priced between $82 and $124 each, with some going for much more than that on Internet auction sites. The refund will include all service charges as well.

"The world lost a kind soul who just happened to be the greatest entertainer the world has ever known. Since he loved his fans in life, it is incumbent upon us to treat them with the same reverence and respect after his death," AEG President and CEO Randy Phillips said in an announcement of the refund policy.

The concert promotions firm has been left on the hook for tens of millions of dollars as a result of Jackson's death, and officials have not yet revealed whether any of the insurance policies they took out on Jackson will cover any of those expenses. A cause of death for the 50-year-old singer has not yet been determined, but Billboard reported that if it is revealed that he died of a preexisting condition or of a drug overdose, AEG could be liable for any loss, including the estimated $30 million it sunk into the elaborate production, the $10 million it reportedly fronted Jackson and the cost of refunding the tickets.

The first of the This Is It shows was scheduled to take place on July 13. AEG reportedly recorded Jackson's run-through of the performance on Wednesday at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, just hours before he went into cardiac arrest and died. "

The Nitrogen Cycle

2009-03-05T21:34:00.000-08:00

The Nitrogen Cycle in shotr form.

very helpful video.

Carbon cycle

2009-02-28T22:58:00.000-08:00

How carbon cycle works. Video tutorial.

How to measure soil organic matter percentage

2009-02-28T22:52:00.000-08:00

Atmospheric carbon into soil organic matter
atmospheric carbon into soil organic matter

Prabakaran Flee From Killinochchi, SLA Libarated Killinochchi and Raise Sri Lanka Flag

2009-01-26T03:36:00.000-08:00

........

...............

Barack Obama on Ellen

2009-01-26T03:27:00.000-08:00

CRISTIANO RONALDO

2009-01-26T03:24:00.000-08:00

football

2009-01-26T03:12:00.000-08:00

Cancer Cure

2009-01-25T22:46:00.000-08:00

I would like to share this important life saving
video with you all. World Without Cancer, The Science
and Politics of Cancer, Laetrile it's only natural,
Jason Vale Seed Speech, Lorraine Day Conscious Media.

Cancer Treatment

2009-01-24T22:43:00.000-08:00

Oxygen, Ozone Therapy, Cancer Treatment.
This is an ancient medicine. ozone therapy
is the answer, it kills off desies, and clears
the body of toxins. it is effective but illigal
in the united states but yet cures aids and
cancer.

Diabetes Treatment

2008-12-27T01:26:00.000-08:00

New Diabetes Treatment

Diabetes Video

Healthy Diet

2008-12-27T01:23:00.000-08:00

How to Control of Your Diabetes.

Breast Cancer

2008-12-27T01:20:00.000-08:00

When a woman is pregnant, her breasts get ready to lactate.
When u interrupt that process, a hormonal blow, a large
drop of the hormone level, occurs, the cells developing
in the breasts.

Lung Cancer

2008-12-27T01:17:00.000-08:00

This is what Lung Cancer looks like on the outside.

Fertilizer test

2008-12-24T02:59:00.000-08:00

Learn how to neutralize urine as it is used to create
fertilizer for house plants.
Watch video here

Record Rice Harvest in Bangladesh

2008-11-12T14:00:00.000-08:00

Record Rice Harvest in Bangladesh

BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION

2008-11-03T04:38:00.001-08:00

• HOW DO VIRUSES REPRODUCE & CAUSE DISEASE?

• VIRAL LIFECYCLES
• VIRAL DNA MAY BECOME PART OF HOST CHROMOSOME

• Viruses are packaged genes-can only reproduce inside cells.

• Lytic cycle-viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new viruses by lysis of host cell.

• Lysogenic cycle-a bacteriophage replication cycle in which the viral genome is incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome and the host cell is not lysed unless the viral genome leaves the host chromosome.

• MANY VIRUSES CAUSE DISEASE IN ANIMALS

• Viruses that infect animal cells cause diseases.

• RNA viruses have RNA as their genetic material and responsible for flu, cold, measles, mumps, AIDS, polio.

• DNA viruses have DNA as their genetic material and cause hepatitis, chicken pox, herpes.

• Amount of damage a virus can cause depends on: how quickly our immune system responds to fight the infection and ability of the infected tissue to repair itself.

• Recover quickly from colds since respiratory tract can efficiently replace damaged cells by mitosis.

• Poliovirus attacks cause permanent damage since nerve cells don’t divide. Prevention = vaccines.

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections are futile for curing viral infections.

• Development of antiviral drugs is slow since it’s difficult to find ways to kill a virus and not its host cell.

• HIV MODEL
• AIDS VIRUS MAKES DNA ON AN RNA TEMPLATE (RETROVIRUS)

• AIDS caused by a type of RNA virus.

• HIV virus is aided by membranous envelope and glycoprotein spikes to enter and leave a host cell.

• HIV contains 2 copies of RNA instead of 1.

• HIV is a retrovirus as it synthesizes
– DNA on an RNA template by
– the help of an enzyme,
– reverse transcriptase
– (catalyzes reverse transcription).

• BEHAVIOUR OF HIV NUCLEIC ACID IN A HOST CELL
• HIV RNA uncoated in the cytoplasm of host cell.
• Reverse transcriptase uses RNA as template to make DNA strand.
• Then adds second complementary DNA strand.
• Double stranded DNA enters cell’s nucleus and inserts itself into chromosomal DNA = provirus.
• Provirus is transcribed into RNA and translated into viral proteins.
• New viruses leave the cell and infect other cells.

• DO YOU UNDERSTAND BASIC BACTERIAL NUTRITION?

• PROKARYOTES COME IN VARIETY OF SHAPE

• PROKARYOTES COME IN VARIETY OF SHAPE

• Cocci-spherical, occur in clusters, are called staphylococci. Those in chains-streptococci.
• Bacilli-rod-shaped, most occur singly but in pairs (diplobacilli) and in chains (streptobacilli).
• Curved or spiral.
• Commas called vibrios.
• Helical.
• Relatively short = spirilla.
• Longer, more flexible = spirochete.
• PROKARYOTES OBTAIN NOURISHMENT IN A VARIETY OF WAYS

• 2 main resources: carbon (for synthesizing organic compounds) and energy.

• Prokaryotes exhibit much more nutritional diversity than eukaryotes.

• THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF NUTRITION

• Chemoheterotrophs dominant prokaryotes today and may have been since dawn of life.

• First prokaryote may have had simple metabolism requiring only few enzymes.

• Its environment contained no oxygen, metabolism anaerobic.

• Unlikely that sunlight was used as energy source since complex set of enzymes needed for such use.

• Carbon and energy obtained from rich soup of molecules and ions in which they evolved.

• ARCHAEA THRIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENT & IN OCEAN

• Archaeal inhabitants of extreme environments have unusual proteins and other molecular adaptations that enable effective metabolism and reproduction.

• Archaea are extremophiles-can thrive in extreme environments (too hot, too salty, too acidic for other organisms).

• Extreme halophiles
• Thrive in very salty places.

• Extreme thermophiles
• Thrive in very hot water.
• In deep-ocean vents where water 1000C.

• HOW DO BACTERIA EXPLOIT SO MANY HABITATS?

HOW ARE BACTERIA A CAUSE OF DISEASE?

• DIVERSE STRUCTURAL FEATURES AID PROKARYOTES THRIVE ALMOST EVERYWHERE

Flagella
• Enables moving towards favourable places and away from less favourable ones.

• Prokaryotic flagellum is naked protein structure that lacks microtubules unlike flagellum of eukaryotic cell.

• Rings give flagellum propeller-like rotary movement.

• PILI
• Shorter and thinner than flagella.

• Help bacteria to stick to each other and to surfaces such as rocks in streams, human intestine lining, etc.

• Sex pili required for initiating bacterial “mating”.

• ENDOSPORES

• Bacteria can survive extended periods of harsh conditions by forming specialized “resting cells”.
• Has thick, protective coat, its cytoplasm is dehydrated and it does not metabolize.
• Under harsh conditions, outer cell disintegrates but endospore survives all sorts of trauma.
• When environment favourable, endospore absorbs water and resumes growth.
• Not even boiling water can kill these.

• CYANOBACTERIA

• Blue-green colour caused by trillions of cyanobacterial cells.
• Photosynthetic bacteria.
• Common in lakes, ponds, tropical oceans.
• Extensive blooms indicate polluted water conditions usually phosphates and nitrates from agricultural run offs.
• About 3.0 to 1.5bya, ancient cyanobacteria gave earth its first greenish coat.
• SOME BACTERIA CAUSE DISEASES

• Pathogens-disease causing agents.
• Most cause disease by producing poisons, two types:

• Exotoxin-toxic proteins secreted by bacterial cells, include most of the potent poisons.

• Endotoxins-not cell secretions, but components of the cell walls of certain bacteria.
• WHY ARE BACTERIA VITAL TO THE ENVIRONMENT?
• BACTERIA CAN BE USED AS BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS-BIOTERRORISM

• Animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and viruses.

• To weaponize naturally occurring pathogens, researchers selected highly virulent strains, made them antibiotic resistant and developed formulations for effective dispersion.

• Bacillus anthracis-bioweapon since it’s easier to obtain (bacterium lives in soils in agricultural regions), easy to grow in labs and forms hardy endospores that can be stored for years.

• In bloodstream, anthrax bacteria actively metabolize and multiply-release 3 proteins that combine to form toxin that destroys body tissues and cells of the immune system.

• PROKARYOTES HELP RECYCLE CHEMICALS AND CLEAN UP ENVIRONMENT

• Restores oxygen to atmosphere.
• Some cyanobacteria convert nitrogen gas in atm to nitrogen (N) cpds (nitrates and nitrites) that plants take up and use.
• Other prokaryotes living in nodules on roots of legumes contribute large amounts of N cpds to soil.
• Decomposition of organic wastes and dead organisms to inorganic chemicals that other organisms can use.
• Prokaryote decomposers are also mainstays of our sewage treatment facilities.
• Aid in bioremediation-use of prokaryotes (or other organisms) to clean up pollution.

BIOREMEDIATION

2008-10-31T06:36:00.000-07:00

 Bioremediation is the use of biological processes to remove contaminants from the environment

 Decontamination through biological agents such as microbes, plants and fungi usually occurs naturally in the environment but is often slow
 Bioremediation uses naturally occurring bacteria and fungi or plants to degrade or detoxify substances hazardous to human health and/or the environment

 There are 2 Types of Microorganisms
 Biostimulation
 Bioaugmentation
How does bioremediation work?
 The majority of bioremediation involves a redox reaction that detoxifies the contaminant

 However the reaction can be expedited by improving the environmental conditions in one of the following ways depending on what the limiting factor is
These factors are,

Cont..
Limiting factors

 Adding an electron acceptor
 Adding an electron donor
 Adding a limiting nutrient
 Increasing the bioavailability of the contaminant.
 Stimulating the production of a specific enzyme
Major Types of Bioremediation
1.In situ Bioremediation
In situ treatment means that remediation occurs directly at the site of the contaminant
2.Ex situ Bioremediation
Ex situ treatment requires that the contaminant be transported elsewhere
Cont….
Ex-situ -Bioremediation
 Slurry-phase
 Soil combined with
water/additives in tank, microorganisms, nutrients,
oxygen added
Advantages of Ex-situ Bioremediation

 Easier to control

 Used to treat wider range of contaminants and soil types

 Faster

In-situ Bioremediation
 Biostimulation - stimulates biological activity.
 Bioventing (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated zone – good for midweight petroleum, jet fuel)
 Biosparging (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated and saturated zones)
 Bioaugmentation - Inoculates soil with microbes.

Advantages of In-situ Bioremediation
 Less expensive

 Creates less dust

 Less possibility of contaminant release into environment

 Good for large volumes

Ex-situ treatment
 Is the better understood and developed approach to bioremediation, though recently in-situ is gaining much attention.
In-situ treatment
 Is usually more advantageous than
Ex-situ since it requires less equipment and labor and has a lower cost and environmental impact.
How Contamination Occurs
 Oil Leaks from Ships

 Use of Agricultural Chemicals

 Industrial Wastes

 Domestic Wastes

 Laboratory Wastes

Contamination Transport
 Spills or leaks sink into soil or water
 Get transported by water movement

Classes of contaminants biodegraded
Natural Bioremediation
 Natural strains have biodegradative capability

 Can use In-situ populations

 Need to increase total population by adding substrates
 Contaminated sites often very low nutrient
 Contain mixed populations of bacteria

Bioremediation Strategies
(Role of Bacteria)

 Increase substrates detoxified
Ralstonia metallidurans
Deinococcus radiodurans
 Increase rate of detoxification

 Increase access to hydrophobic contaminants

Toxin Digesting Reactions

 Denitrification 2NO3− + 10e− + 12H+ → N2 + 6H2O

 Manganese MnO2 + 2e− + 4H+ → Mn2+ + 2H2O

 Iron III reduction Fe(OH)3 + e− + 3H+ → Fe2+ + 3H2O

 Sulfate reduction SO42− + 8e− +10 H+ → H2S + 4H2O

 Fermentation 2CH2O → CO2 + CH4
Composting
 The high temperatures prevalent during composting, combined with the high nutrient contents of decomposing organic matter such as manure, and the heavy microbial load of the compost system efficiently stimulate the biodegradation of hydrocarbon contamination
Surfactants
 Extractions can be performed on the contaminated soil by adding surfactants in order to leach the hydrocarbons from the soil matrices
Rhizosphere Effects

 The rhizosphere soil has a greater degradation capability for contaminants than does soil without plant roots.
How Bacteria Access Contaminants
Conditions that favor Bioremediation
 Temperature

 Water

 Nutrients

 C:N ratio

 Oxygen in sufficient quantity
Uses of Bioremediation
 Oil spill

 Soil Pollution

 Agricultural practices

 The biggest spill ever occurred during the 1991 Persian Gulf war when about 240 million gallons spilled from oil terminals and tankers off the coast of Saudi Arabia.

Bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez Alaskan oil spill
 Exxon Valdez supertanker ran aground in 1989 resulting in the spillage of about 11 million gallons of crude oil in Alaska.
How Bioremediation uses in Oil Spill.
 The biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms can population could rapidly biodegrade the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of crude oil

 The microbial community completely mineralized them to CO2 and H2O

Soil Bioremediation
 The introduction of substances or biological organisms into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment
Agricultural Chemicals
 Fertilizer Pesticides
 Weedcides
Advantages of bioremediation
 Natural process and therefore perceived as an acceptable waste treatment process for contaminated soil

 Many compounds can be transformed to harmless products

 Complete destruction of target pollutants is possible.
Disadvantages of bioremediation
 Limited to those compounds that are biodegradable

 Sometimes the products of biodegradation are more toxic or persistent than the parent compounds

 Biological process are highly specific

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES BY MICROORGANISMS

2008-10-31T05:49:00.000-07:00

What is biological control?
Biological control can be defined as the use of natural enemies to reduce the damage caused by a pest population
• Biological control differs from "natural control
• Biological control requires intervention, rather than simply letting nature take its course
• It is an approach that fits into an overall pest management program, and represents an alternative to continued reliance on pesticides
Biological Control of diseases by microorganism

• Plant diseases are caused mainly by fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes

• Biocontrol of plant disease involves the use of an organism or organisms to reduce disease
Biological Control Targets
Agents that cause plant disease
Agents that cause plant damage
Weeds

What is a biological contol agent
means any living organism applied to or introduced into the environment that is intended to function as a destroying agent to control another organism ...

Biological control agents
Macroorganisms biological control agents

• Insects
• Man
• Animals

any living microorganism (Bacteria, Fungi, Nematodes & Viruses) applied to or introduced into the environment that is intended to function as a destroying to control another organism

Microbial biological control agents are
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Nematodes
• Viruses
Bacterial Biological Control Agents
Xanthomonas campestris pv. poannua - postemergence activity on annual bluegrass in bermudagrass lawns (Johnson, 1994: Johnson, Wyse, Jones, 1996).
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis - Canada thistle in soybean (Johnson, Wyse, Jones, 1996).

E.g.- Bacillus species

Bacillus spp have been widely exploited for the management of plant pathogens.

Bacillus is an ideal candidate for biocontrol of plant pathogens because of its ability to form endospores which are resting structures capable of surviving desiccation, heat, oxidising agents, UV & gamma radiations.

Many post-harvest diseases are successfully managed with Bacillus spp.
The broad spectrum activity, absence of phytoxigenic products, amenability for mass culturing, the ability to form endospores, availability of information on the genetics, physiology, r-DNA technology etc are some of the advantages of the genus Bacillus
Brown rot of potato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is also amenable to management with Bacillus.

Bacillus spp, have been tested worldwide for management of pathogens causing spots, blights, rots etc. On the above ground parts of several plants.

Fungal Disease Control Agents

• Ampelomyces quisqualis.
• Candida oleophila.
• Coniothyrium minitans.
• Fusarium oxysporum.
• Gliocladium virens.
• Gliocladium catenulatum.
• Phlebia gigantea.
• Pythium oligandrum.
• Trichoderma harzianum and other spp.

Nematodes

There are over 300 species of nematodes that are known to attack insects.
Most of the research in biological control, however, has focused on only two genera, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis.
These nematodes are unique because they harbor symbiotic bacteria that are pathogenic to the nematode's insect host.

e.g.-nematode attacks insect pests
Nine families of nematodes (Allantone-matidae, Diplogasteridae, Heterorhabditidae, Mermithidae, Neotylenchidae, Rhabditidae, Sphaerulariidae, Steinernematidae, and Tetradonematidae) include species that attack insects and kill or sterilize them, or alter their development.
Viruses
• The use of entomopathic viruses for insect control is still in its infancy.
• Many of these pathogens appear to have good potential as bio control agents because they are relatively host-specific.
• Viral-induced mortality is usually caused by toxic proteins that accumulate during the reproductive cycle of the virus.

NPV or CPV (Nuclear or Cytoplasmic

Polyhedrosis Virus) -- Clusters of virus particles are embedded within polyhedral inclusion bodies (crystals) that develop inside the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected cells.

They usually attack larvae of Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera (sawflies).

There is also commercial interest in developing NPVs for use against corn earworms, cotton bollworms, cabbage loopers, and alfalfa butterflies.

Granulosis virus -- These pathogens typically infect the fat body in Lepidopteran larvae and pupae.

E.g.-A granulosis virus has been developed for use in apple orchards against larvae of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella).

Non-inclusion viruses -- These pathogens (entomopox virus, for example) do not produce granules or polyhedral bodies. The cause of their toxicity is not well understood, but they are usually less virulent than other types of viruses.

Biological Control Mechanisms
Competition
Antibiosis
Parasitism
Induced resistance
enzymes
Competition
The Biological control agent more efficiently utilizes space and nutrients.

Antibiosis
the Biological control agent produces one or more deleterious compounds.

Production of antibiotics seems to be the most important way in which many spp of Bacillus bring about bio control of plant pathogens.

Two antibiotics, iturin and surfactin have been B. subtilis indicated in the suppression of R. solani induced damping off of tomato by B. subtilis

Parasitism
The Biological control agent utilizes the target for food or for reproduction.
Biological control agents parasite on
• Larvae
• Eggs
• Pupa

Induced resistance
The Biological control agent indirectly stimulates the plant to be resistant.
Several beneficial rhizosphere bacteria induce systemic resistance against one or more diseases.
Increased Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and increased lignification acting as barrier to the fusarial wilt pathogen in pigeon pea treated with the above bacterisl stain.
Enzymes
Mycelial lysis by enzyme production is one another mode of antagonism by many Bacillus spp.

Hydrolytic enzyme produced and released by bacteria contribute to the suppression of phytopathogens
Using Biological control agents
Advantages of Bio control

 Most natural enemies used in biocontrol attack on target species & less possibility to destroy non- target organisms
 Environmental friendly
• No any waste remain in the environment
 Economically friendly
• Reduce cost for pesticides
 Useful in Integrated pest management

BIO GAS PRODUCTION

2008-10-31T04:50:00.000-07:00

• Biogas can be defined as a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic conditions

• Biogas originates from organic material and is a type of biofuel
• The other method of producing biogas is wood gas which is created by gasification of wood or other biomass

• Depending on where it is produced, biogas can also be called swamp, marsh, landfill or digester gas

• Biogas contains,
• Methane -50-75%
• Carbon dioxide -25-50%
• Nitrogen -0-10%
• Hydrogen -0-1%
• Hydrogen sulfide -0-3%
• Oxygen -0-2%

• Biogas plants
• Materials used in biogas production
• The materials commonly used in biogas production are,

» Human & animal waste
» Crop residue
» Agro industrial waste
» Biomass combined with water (sewage)
» Energy crops- Maize, sunflower, wheat, grass

• Methods of biogas production
• Mainly biogas is produced using anaerobic digestion
• There are various methods & reactor types used to produce biogas
• But the production process has common steps though the methods are different
• stages of biogas production
• This natural, biological process takes place in three stages:
 Hydrolysis :insoluble solids are broken down to monomers
 Acidogenesis:monomers are converted to VFA
 Methanogenesis:acids are converted to bio gas
• Different types of reactors
Type 1

• Influent is added to the reactor, and mixing is accomplished with gas mixers, mechanical
mixers, or recirculation pumps

• High installation and operating costs, high hydraulic retention times are required to achieve an acceptable level of degradation, signifying large reactor sizes

• Type 2

• The biomass forms sludge granules, producing a sludge bed which is completely retained in the reactor

• Allows for higher-strength wastewaters to be treated

• requires a significant amount of time, causing longer start-up times when compared to other reactors

• A diagram of type 2 reactor
• Contact Digester

• Retains biomass by separating and concentrating the solids in a separate reactor, returning these solids to the influent

• Solids separation can be achieved with gravity separators, solids thickeners, centrifuges, gravity belts, and membranes
• Sewage treatment
• Sludges from the primary and secondary treatment settling tanks are collected into an anaerobic digester

• Sludges contain cellulose, proteins, lipid and other insoluble polymers

• Anaerobic bacteria digest the sludge to methane and carbon dioxide

• Sewage treatment plant
• Using a biodigester
• Biodigester is a system that promotes decomposition of organic matter.
• It produces biogas, generated through the process of anaerobic digestion.

• Factors Affecting Biogas Production
 Biogas yield is measured as
• m3 gas/kg volatile solids
• The maximum possible gas yield on complete digestion of carbohydrates (starch, cellulose, glucose) would be 0.8 m3kg.

• for fatty acids this value it is about 1.5 m3kg.

• proteins it is about 0.9 m3/kg.
This depends on,

• Type of waste

• Temperature during digester operation,

• Retention time (the period of time a given sample of waste/substrate stays in the digester/ fermenter before it flows out)

• Presence of toxic materials

• pH
• Stirring
• Carbon – Nitrogen Ratio

• Type of waste

Ex:
-Livestock & poultry wastes
-Crop residues
-Paper wastes
-Aquatic weeds
-Algae & seaweeds

• The yellow circles represents evolving biogas bubbles and the brown circles represent sludge granules. The upward liquid flow and uplifting action of gas bubbles causes the partial fluidization of the sludge bed and hydraulic mixing. The background is a scanning electron micrograph inside a sludge granule cultivated on sucrose-containing wastewater, show a diverse population of microorganisms.
• Temperature
• The choice of the temperature to be used is influenced by climatic considerations.

• Optimum process stability temperature should be carefully regulated within the a narrow range of operating temperature.

• Mesophilic fermentation at about 35°c gives the maximum gas yields,

•

• Thermophilic bacteria give best yields around 55°c.

• For sewage sludge, the gas yield at 20°c may be only 80% of that at 35°c.

• Retention time
• At high temperature bio – digestion occurs faster, reducing the time requirement.

• A normal period for the digestion of dung be two to four weeks.

• Gas yields increase with retention time since a greater proportion of the organic matter will be digested.
• Amount of OM vs retention time

• Toxic Materials
• Wastes & biodegradable residue are often accompanied by a variety of pollutants that could inhibit anaerobic digestion.

• Toxic components may include ammonia, SO42-, antibiotics, etc.

• Common toxic substances are

soluble salts of,
Copper
Zinc
Nickel
Mercury
Chromium
• Salts of
* Sodium
* Potassium
* Calcium
* Magnesium may be stimulatory or toxic in action.
• Pesticides & synthetic detergents may also be troublesome to the process.
• pH
• Low pH inhibit the growth of the methanogenic bacteria.
• A successful pH range for anaerobic digestion is 6.0 – 8.0.
• Efficient digestion occurs at a pH near neutrality.
• Low pH may be remedied by dilution or by the addition of lime.
• Carbon – Nitrogen Ratio
• The bacteria responsible for the anaerobic process require both elements
• They consume carbon roughly 30 times faster than nitrogen
• A carbon – nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 is ideal for the raw material fed into a biogas plant
• Stirring
• Stirring the slurry in a digester is always advantageous, if not essential

• If not stirred, the slurry will tend to settle out and form a hard scum on the surface, which will prevent release of the biogas

• Problem is much greater with vegetable waste than with manure, which will tend to remain in suspension

• Advantages of biogas
• provide better & cheaper fuel
• produce quality manure to improve soil fertility
• provide an effective way for sanitary disposal of human excreta
• use as a smokeless domestic fuel
• helps in generation of production employment
• Disadvantages of biogas
• Yields are lower due to the dilute nature of substrates
• The process is not very attractive economically on a large industrial scale
• New technologies cannot be used to enhance the efficiency of the process

• The process can be improved only by optimizing the environmental conditions of the anaerobic digestion
• Biogas contains some gases as impurities
• Uses of biogas
• electricity production
• Cooking
• water heating
• can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles

PRESENTATION ABOUT BIO FERTILIZER

2008-10-31T04:20:00.000-07:00

..
PRESENTATION ABOUT BIO FERTILIZER

BIO FERTILIZER

2008-10-31T04:18:00.000-07:00

..
BIO FERTILIZER

Bad Money Crisis of American Capitalism

2008-10-23T01:44:00.000-07:00

Fly into Male Airport in the Maldives

2008-10-22T05:56:00.000-07:00

Fly into Male Airport in the Maldives

Maldives football song-SAFF cham2008

2008-10-22T05:53:00.000-07:00

Maldives football song-SAFF cham2008

Maldives hotel video

2008-10-22T05:47:00.000-07:00

Maldives hotel videos

INDIA LITTLE CHAMP(TANMAY CHATURVEDI)VIDEO

2008-10-19T19:41:00.000-07:00

HE IS A LITTLE HERO IN INDIA,HIS PERFORMANCE ARE EXCELLANT.VIDEO

Non Traditional Animal Feed sri lanka

2008-10-17T04:53:00.000-07:00

Ipil Ipil Leaf
Ipil-Ipil Leaf Meal
• The young foliage is very palatable to cattle.
• rich in protein and nutritious.
• leaves should not be fed to breeding animals.
• they may affect reproduction.
Toxicity
• The leaves and seeds contain the glucoside mimosine
• which may cause loss of hair in horses and young cattle.
• The treated material is allowed to stand for a week before being mixed with feeds .
• But little toxicity remains.
Nutrition Composition
(% dry matter)
How to Reduced Toxicity
• The addition of iron salts decreases toxicity.
• treated material is allowed to stand for a week before being mixed with feeds.
• The mimosine content can also be reduced by soaking in water and drying.
Cassava
Cassava
• Cultivated widely in the tropics and subtropics for its edible roots.
• cassava roots intended for human consumption
• It is possible to obtain from cassava more than 6 tons of crude protein per hectare.
Toxicity
• Cassava contain a glucoside, linimarin.
• which is acted upon by an enzyme to liberate prussic acid.
• These have to be processed before being used as feed.
How to Reduced Toxicity
• wash and squeeze them until the toxic substance is eliminated.
• toxic elements can also be removed by cooking or by drying slices of the roots for about two weeks.
Usage
• principal energy source for dairy cattle
• Cassava can replace almost all of the grain in the diets with little reduction in performance.
• Inclusion levels of up to 65%
• preferably pelleted, do not seem to affect health.
• Cassava leaf and stem meal has been used at the 35% level in dairy cow concentrates
Problems
• cassava feed has yielded similar egg production, although egg weight was significantly reduced.

• The forage has been used to provide by-pass protein to ruminants fed urea and molasses.
As % of dry matter
Groundnut
Groundnut
• These have proved to be an excellent feed and are also exceptionally palatable.
• Whole cured plants can be fed with advantage to dairy and beef cattle
Importance
• solid particles that consists of rich proteins, minerals which are utilised for making oil cakes.

• It is also used for animal foods and very necessary for poultry.

Amino acid composition as % of crude protein
Cotton Seed Poonac

Cotton Seed

• The cotton-seed consists of two parts: the hull, from which the staple cotton lint and linters arise, and the kernel, from which the oil and meal are obtained.
• The nutritive value of cottonseed products depends on proportions of husks and lint.
• often the whole seed is extracted for oil.
Importance
• Undecorticated oilcake is much richer in fibre and lower in protein.
• Cottonseed meal is an excellent protein supplement for cattle.
• the cottonseed cake is broken, the fibres can be seen.
• 1.7 tons of cottonseed yields about residual oil in hydraulic-press cake is usually between 4% and 8%
Toxicity
• seed embryo contains yellow pigment called gossypol.
• that cotton seeds may contain from 0.3-20 g/kg DM of gossypol
• which is an antioxidant and inhibitor and is toxic to monogastric animals.
• pigs and rabbits are the most sensitive.
• Both decorticated and undecorticated cottonseed meal have a constipating effect on cattle

• The general symptoms of gossypol toxicity are constipation, depressed appetite and loss of weight.
• Although acute toxicity is low, ingestion of a small amounts over a prolonged period can be lethal.
How to Reduced Toxicity
• The free gossypol content of cottonseed meal decreases during processing and varies according to the methods used.
• In new seed, free gossypol accounts for 0.4-1.4% of the weight.
• Processing conditions have to be carefully controlled because, binding of gossypol to lysine at high temperatures.
cotton cake As % of dry matter
Disadvantage
• Cottonseed meal has a relatively low rumen degradability.
• cottonseed is low in lysine
• Determination of the amount of free gossypol in a meal requires laboratory facilities.

maldives fishing

2008-10-07T06:52:00.001-07:00

beach fishing Heaven maldives

Grain legumes

2008-09-25T05:23:00.000-07:00

legumes are belonng to the family Fabaceae,
Or a fruit of that plants.Mainly this crops are grown for agricultural purposes
Also people called it as pulses.
These are cultivated mainly for their seeds.
The seeds are used for human and animal consumption or for the production of oils for industrial uses.
Include beans, green gram, peas

proud of india

2008-09-24T21:16:00.000-07:00

sharukh khan and kajol

2008-09-24T21:13:00.000-07:00

Aishwaryarai-indian Beauty

2008-09-24T21:09:00.000-07:00

mother's love

2008-09-24T01:15:00.000-07:00

mother's love

Funny Sinhala songs

2008-09-24T01:00:00.000-07:00

Funny Sinhala song

Water & Sewage treatment

2008-09-23T02:43:00.000-07:00

Water treatment
• Water is collected from reservoirs or wells
• Flocculation removes suspended particles such as clay
• Filtration removes larger particles and protozoans as well as many bacteria
• Water is then treated with chlorine or ozone to remove pathogens and other microorganisms

Sewage treatment
• Primary treatment
– Sewage is held in settling tanks
– Heavy particles settle out
– Lighter particles are skimmed off the top
• Secondary treatment
– Sewage is aerated
– Bacteria grow and use organic matter to lower the BOD
– Activated sludge
– Trickling filters
Sewage treatment …
• Disinfection and release
• Sludge digestion
anaerobic digestion produces methane

Sewage treatment …
• Septic tanks
• Oxidation ponds
• Tertiary treatment
– All nutrients are removed and water is used for drinking

Buddhism and its historical monuments in Sri Lanka

2008-09-19T00:12:00.000-07:00

Buddhism in Sri Lanka

surfing maldives

2008-09-17T00:32:00.001-07:00

Surfing maldives

Island in the Sun maldives beauty

2008-09-17T00:25:00.000-07:00

maldives beauty

George Bush & Daughter on Wedding Night

2008-09-15T06:44:00.000-07:00

Internet sea cables

2008-09-15T05:53:00.000-07:00

Do you know about internet cable cut?this is a cable network spread worldwide. See map below;
Illustration: describes the network area

Contents of cablePolythin cover of "Sabec"
Anti rust iron
Alumunium protector from water infiltration
cover of poly carbon
Compact copper
Glotein petrochemical
8-fiber optics

Bicycles from BMW

2008-09-15T01:24:00.000-07:00

These all are the bicycles newly launched by BMW!

lalakka

2008-09-15T01:12:00.000-07:00

lalakka-video(joly seeya)

Rajnikanth facts

2008-09-12T00:43:00.000-07:00

You want to know who is Rajanikanth. ...here are the factsRajanikanth makes onions cry Rajanikanth can delete the Recycle Bin. Ghosts are actually caused by Rajanikanth killing people faster than Death can process them. Rajanikanth can build a snowman..... out of rain. Rajanikanth can strangle you with a cordless phone.Rajanikanth can drown a fish. When Rajanikanth enters a room, he doesn't turn the lights on,......... .... he turns the dark off. When Rajanikanth looks in a mirror the mirror shatters, because not even glass is stupid enough to get in between Rajanikanth and Rajanikanth. Brett Favre can throw a football over 50 yards.Rajanikanth can throw Brett Favre even further. The last digit of pi is Rajanikanth. He is the end of all things. Rajanikanth does not know where you live, but he knows where you will die. Bullets dodge Rajanikanth.A Handicap parking sign does not signify that this spot is for handicapped people. It is actually in fact a warning, that the spot belongs to Rajanikanth and that you will be handicapped if you park there. Rajanikanth' calendar goes straight from March 31st to April 2nd, no one fools Rajanikanth. If you spell Rajanikanth wrong on Google it doesn't say, "Did you mean Rajanikanth? " It simply replies, "Run while you still have the chance." Rajanikanth can do a wheelie on a unicycle.Once a cobra bit Rajanikanth' leg. After five days of excruciating pain, the cobra died. When Rajanikanth gives you the finger, he's telling you how many seconds you have left to live. Rajanikanth can kill two stones with one bird.Rajanikanth was once on Celebrity Wheel of Fortune and was the first to spin. The next 29 minutes of the show consisted of everyone standing around awkwardly, waiting for the wheel to stop. Leading hand sanitizers claim they can kill 99.9 percent of germs. Rajanikanth can kill 100 percent of whatever he wants. There is no such thing as global warming. Rajanikanth was cold, so he turned the sun up. Rajanikanth can set ants on fire with a magnifying glass. At night.Rajanikanth has a deep and abiding respect for human life… unless it gets in his way. It takes Rajanikanth 20 minutes to watch 60 Minutes. Rajanikanth once shot down a German fighter plane with his finger, by yelling, "Bang!" In an average living room there are 1,242 objects Rajanikanth could use to kill you, including the room itself. Behind every successful man, there is a woman. Behind every dead man, there is Rajanikanth.Rajanikanth destroyed the periodic table, because Rajanikanth only recognizes the element of surprise.Rajanikanth got his drivers license at the age of 16 Seconds. With the rising cost of gasoline, Rajanikanth is beginning to worry about his drinking habit. The square root of Rajanikanth is pain. Do not try to square Rajanikanth, the result is death. When you say "no one's perfect", Rajanikanth takes this as a personal insult.

How to Add a URL to Yahoo

2008-09-11T22:27:00.000-07:00

Step1
Go to the Yahoo! homepage. The menu bar at bottom of the page provides a link to "Suggest a site."
Step2
Click "Submit your site for free." If you have a Yahoo! account, it will ask for your log-in. If you don't have an account, go ahead and register for your free Yahoo! account. Yahoo! requires registration to add URLs to the site, but this is free.
Step3
Find yourself at the Yahoo! Search Site Explorer page. You can choose to submit a website or web page URL or a site feed URL. You must use the "http" prefix before the URL.
Step4
Expect to get a message that your site will be "crawled." Yahoo! Slurp is a web crawler robot that uses data to build an index for Yahoo's search engine. Protected web pages that can't be crawled won't be included in the Yahoo! Search index.
Step5
Check on enrolling in a "sponsored search" if you want more traffic to your site. The fee-based sponsored search puts your web address near the top of the web page when someone searches. Otherwise, Yahoo! ranks sites according to relevance.
Step6
Submit a mobile site using xHTML, WML or cHTML for free as well at the "Suggest a site" link. This also requires Yahoo! registration. Video, audio and images can be submitted without cost at the "Submit media content" link.
Step7
Look into further Yahoo! submission options. Submit products to "Product Submit" at the Yahoo! Shopping site and travel offers to Yahoo! Travel Deals. Advertise your business by adding your site URL to Yahoo! Directory. Go to the Directory category page and click on the most appropriate category for your business. After suggesting your site to the right category, an editor will review your site for appropriateness.

mom's love

2008-09-11T06:25:00.000-07:00

mom's love

BIO FERTILIZER

2008-09-11T03:26:00.000-07:00

What Is Bio Fertilizer
. Ready to use live formulates of such beneficial microorganisms which on application to seed, root or soil mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological activity in particular, and help build up the micro-flora and improve the soil health in general
Why should use biofertilizers?
. modern agriculture is getting more and more dependent upon the steady supply of synthetic inputs. Thus,
¨Decrease in the quality of crop products
¨spoil the soil properties, Osmatic pressure, pH, Conductivity and water holding capacity
¨Affect adversly on population of micro-organisms and other parameters

Types of Bio Fertilizer
Nitrogen fixers
. Convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonium (NH4) or nitrate (NO3) ions which are readily useable by plants
. These include Rhizobium, Azatobacter, Azospirillum, Blue Green Algae (BGA) and Azolla
. secrete growth promoting substances
. Contained in the root nodules or Free living

Nitrogen fixers - Bacteria
. Rhizobium
¨Are soil bacteria that fix
nitrogen after becoming
established inside root nodules
of legumes
¨They cannot independently fix nitrogen, and requires a plant host
¨Morphologically they are generally gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods

Nitrogen fixers - Bacteria
. Azospirillum
¨Easy adaptability and limited host specificity
¨Lives inside the cortical cells and xylem vessels of plant roots
¨Have ability to fix 25-40 kg N/ha/year

Nitrogen fixers - Bacteria
. Azospirillum
¨Secrete growth promoting substances like gibberellic acid and IAA which enhance root proliferation and growth of crop plants

Nitrogen fixers – Blue Green
. Anabaena
¨genus of filamentous cyanobacteria
¨they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern
Azolla
. They form a symbiotic relationship with the blue-green alga which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient
. grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days
. 30 – 100 kg N/ha/Year
Yield increases
20 – 25 %
Phosphorous Solubilizing Bacteria
. Solubilize unavailable organic & inorganic forms of phosphorus (80%)
. Organic P slowly mineralized by the action of phosphatases
. Inorganic P solubilized by the action of organic and inorganic acids
. Belonging to the genera bacillus and pseudomonas
Phosphorous Solubilizing Bacteria
. Pseudomonas
¨genus of gamma proteobacteria
¨Gram-negative, rod-shaped and polar-flagella bacteria
¨Known to produce amino acids and growth promoting substances which help in better growth of plants
¨About 30 kg P/ha/annum

Nutrients Up Take Enhancing Fungus
. Increase water uptake in plant
. Increase mineral uptake (especially P, Cu & Zn)
. Limits uptake of (Al, As, Ti, Ba & Cd)
. Two types Ectomycorrhizae and Endomycorrhizae

Nutrients Up Take Enhancing Fungus
. Ectomycorrhizae
¨Form a sheath around the root
¨Hyphae grow between the spaces in the cortical root cell
¨No cellular penetration by the hyphae
¨Members of the basidomycetes or the ascomycetes

Nutrients Up Take Enhancing Fungus
. Endomycorrhizae
¨Hyphae form arbuscles (Bulb structure)
¨Called VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae)
¨Direct cell to cell
exchange of nutrients
¨Hyphae grow into
intercellular spaces

Sulphur Solubilizing Microbes
. Thiobacillus
¨colorless, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria with polar flagella
¨They possess an iron oxidase, which allows them to metabolize metal ions
Sulphur Solubilizing Microbes
. Thiobacillus
¨ they require inorganic molecules as an electron donor and inorganic carbon (such as carbon dioxide) as a source.
¨ They obtain nutrients by oxidizing iron and sulfur with O2

Enzymatic Biofertilizer
. Microorganism having ability to secret enzymes and external enzymes
. which on application to seed, root or soil mobilize the availability of nutrients by their biological activity
Decomposers
. Break down organic waste and dead organisms.
. Releases key ions such as nitrates, phosphates and sulfates for use by other organisms
. Many Kinds of Bacteria and Fungi assist in this process
benefits of using bio fertilizers
. Increase crop yield by 20-30%
. Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25%
. Stimulate plant growth

benefits of using bio fertilizers
. Activate the soil biologically
. Restore natural soil fertility
. Provide protection against drought and some soil borne diseases
. Cost effective
. Eco-friendly
How biofertilizers are applied to crops
. Seed treatment
¨seeds are treated with nitrogenous biofertilizer and dried in shade. The treated seeds have to be sown as soon as possible
. Seedling root dip
¨Recommended biofertilizers are mixed in this water and the roots of seedlings are dipped for 8-10 hrs
How biofertilizers are applied to crops
. Soil treatment
¨The recommended biofertilizers are mixed in compost and kept overnight. This mixture is incorporated in the soil at the time of sowing or planting
Disadvantages of using Bio Fertilizers
. Biofertilizer packets need to be stored in cool and dry place away from direct sunlight and heat.
. Right combinations of biofertilizers have to be used.
. As Rhizobium is crop specific, one should use for the specified crop only.
Disadvantages of using Bio Fertilizers
. Other chemicals should not be mixed with the biofertilizers
. Biofertilizers are live product and require care in the storage

Potentials
. Biofertilizers will help solve such problems as increased salinity of the soil and chemical run-offs from the agricultural fields
. Thus, biofertilizers are important if we are to ensure a healthy future for the generations to come

Shoaib Akhtar Dance With Esha Deol

2008-09-11T01:52:00.000-07:00

last day Shoaib Akhtar Dance With Esha Deol,how sweet

Before and after marriage

2008-09-09T22:16:00.000-07:00

Before marriage.....

He: Yes. At last. It was so hard to wait.

She: Do you want me to leave?

He: No! Don't even think about it.

She: Do you love me?

He: Of course! Over and over!

She: Have you ever cheated on me?

He: No! Why are you even asking?

She: Will you kiss me?

He: Every chance I get.

She: Will you hit me?

He: Are you crazy! I'm not that kind of person!

She: Can I trust you?

He: Yes.

She: Darling!

After marriage....

Simply read from bottom to top

NO petrol - Water engine - "PROUD TO BE A SRI LANKAN"

2008-09-09T21:57:00.000-07:00

Obama's Demons

2008-09-09T14:58:00.000-07:00

Democrats love Hillary Rodham Clinton. but those with Christ had His seal on their foreheads.

from youtube.com

What is 3G?

2008-09-09T04:07:00.000-07:00

3G is the next generation of wireless network technology that provides high speed bandwidth (high data transfer rates) to handheld devices. The high data transfer rates will allow 3G networks to offer multimedia services combining voice and data.
Additional features also include HSPA(High-Speed packet Access) data transmission capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8Mbit/s on the uplink.
3G wireless networks have the bandwidth to provide converged voice and data services. 3G services will seamlessly combine superior voice quality telephony, high-speed mobile IP services, information technology, rich media, and offer diverse content.

What are the Advantages of 3G?
3G networks offer users advantages such as:
• New radio spectrum to relieve overcrowding in existing systems.
• More bandwidth, security, and reliability.
• Interoperability between service providers.
• Fixed and variable data rates.
• Always-online devices. 3G will use IP connectivity, IP is packet based (not circuit based).
• Rich multimedia services.

What are Some Disadvantages of 3G?
There are some issues in deploying 3G:
• The cost of upgrading base stations and cellular infrastructure to 3G is very high.
• Requires different handsets and there is the issue of handset availability.
• Base stations need to be closer to each other (more cost).
• Tremendous spectrum-license costs, network deployment costs, handset subsidies to subscribers, etc.
• High power requirements .

Bush Daughter's Wedding Pics

2008-09-09T03:59:00.001-07:00

Bush Daughter's Wedding Pics

Hiroshima and nagasaki

2008-09-09T03:50:00.000-07:00

Hiroshima and nagasaki 1945 & today

Bikini Fashion Show

2008-09-09T00:51:00.000-07:00

Video of this years Lingerie Francaise Fashion Show.See how these sexy girls walk on bikini fashion shows.

it would be funny if someone kept on yelling out boner.

SRI LANKA

2008-08-26T21:14:00.000-07:00

Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sinhalese: , Tamil: இலங்கை; known as Ceylon before 1972) is an island nation in South Asia, located about 31 kilometres (19.3 mi) off the southern coast of India. It is home to around twenty million people.
Because of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia, and has been a center of Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times. Today, the country is a multi-religious and multi-ethnic nation, with more than a quarter of the population following faiths other than Buddhism, notably Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population, with Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslim Moors and Malays and the Burghers.
Famous for the production and export of tea, coffee, coconuts and rubber, Sri Lanka boasts a progressive and modern industrial economy and the highest per capita income in South Asia. The natural beauty of Sri Lanka's tropical forests, beaches and landscape, as well as its rich cultural heritage, make it a world famous tourist destination.

AFFRICA

2008-08-25T21:17:00.001-07:00

India Qualify for Asia Cup

2008-08-23T04:51:00.000-07:00

AFC Challenge Cup final against Tajikistan, India coach Sunil Chhetri scored a hattrick and Bhaichung Bhutia added another in the 19th. Fatkhullo Falkuloev found the consolation goal in the 44th minute with a superb 25 yard pile driver. Supporters had started thronging the stadium since noon. The long queue outside would have pleased Houghton and his boys no end when they reached the ground a couple of hours later. India coach Bob Houghton had stressed on the importance of a vociferous crowd support in big games. Now Indians are Qualify for Asia Cup in Qatar.

What do you think about university rag? Make your vote.

2008-08-21T21:08:00.000-07:00

I have create a poll to get ideas of bloggers about "university rag".Make your vote.

BLOSSEM OF THE YOUTH is the new blog in kottu

2008-08-21T20:27:00.000-07:00

Hello kottu bloggers!
Good morning every body,when I log into kottu I saw my blog was appearing in kottu.I was realy excited. Thank you indi, I work so hard to create this blog.Hope you all visit my blog & give me comments. I'll try to give good entertainment to my blog visitors.

What is composting?

2008-08-21T01:53:00.000-07:00

What do you need to make compost?
• Decomposers – Your composting work crew. These are the microbes (mainly bacteria and fungi) that do all the work for you.

• Food for the decomposers The organic materials to be composted

• The right amount of air, water, and warmth to keep the work crew happy

Where do the decomposers come from?
• If you build it, they will come…
What is the best food for your decomposers?
All organic materials will compost, but not all should be added to a backyard compost pile
Organic wastes that should be composted include:
Garden trimmings
Grass clippings
• Leaves
• Also
Used potting soil
Manure
Sawdust
Hair

Materials to avoid…
• Avoid organic materials that could cause problems during or after composting
• Oil, fat, grease, meat, fish or dairy products, unwashed egg shells (tend to attract pests, vermin)
• Hard to kill weeds (bindweed, quackgrass) and weeds that have gone to seed (could infest garden area when compost is used).

• Is it necessary to shred leaves, twigs, branches and other coarse materials before putting them in the compost pile?

• Small particles will decompose faster than large ones because:
- As particles are made smaller, more surface area is exposed to the microbes that do the work of decay.
- Microbes often have a hard time getting at the food trapped inside woody materials. If these are broken apart for them it will speed up the decomposition process.
Benefits of compost Plant nutrients
Compost is not a fertilizer, but does contain plant nutrients
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are mostly in organic forms
– Released slowly to plants
– Not readily leached from the topsoil
• Compost contains many trace nutrients that are essential for plant growth

partial Lunar Eclipse on the 16 of AUG 2008

2008-08-17T22:50:00.000-07:00

Full Moon falls on Sunday 17 August, Sri Lankans celebrated Nikini Full Moon Poya on Saturday 16 August. The Full Moon falls with a partial eclipse starting around mid-night on Saturday.
This partial Lunar Eclipse could be see in some parts of South America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.That was second lunar eclipse for the year 2008, the earlier event was on the FEB 20 2008 which was a total eclipse. The next lunar eclipse will be a penumbral eclipse occurring on February 9, 2009, while the next total lunar eclipse will occur on December 21, 2010

Sri lanka Kandy Perahera 2008

2008-08-17T22:01:00.000-07:00

The kandy perahera was held last last week in kandy. It was my unforgettable cultural event in my life.
Sri Lanka’s biggest cultural, historic, colorful and pulsating pageant “Kandy Esala Perahera” reaches its climax with the fifth and final Maha Randoli perahera.
The Maha Randoli perahera started from the Sri Dalada Maligawa at 7.38 p.m. proceeded along Dalada Veediya, Yatinuwara Veediya, Kande Veediya, D.S. Senanayake Veediya, Raja Veediya and return to the Dalada Maligawa along Maligawa Chaturasraya. The same night the Devale Peraheras joined the Dalada Maligawa perahera at 1.45 a.m. (August 17) and proceeded along Dalada Veediya, D.S. Senanayake Veediya to the Gedige Viharaya and after depositing the Sacred Relic Casket there, return to devales and Maligawa.

The kandy perahera which is also known as the Festival of the August Moon is one of the most spectacular events not only in Sri Lanka but in all of South East Asia. In the lunar month of Esala, in August the sacred hill
capital of Kandy comes alive with activity to prepare for the grand spectacle that is the ‘Kandy Perehera’.

This unique ritual is a pageant that dates back over 2,000 years with its religious roots in paying homage to the sacred tooth relic of Buddha, which is enshrined in the most famous dalada maligawa or “Temple of the Tooth” in the sacred hill capital of Kandy. This festival is also held to propitiate the Gods to ensure timely rain for cultivation, in addition to the fact that the month of Esala commemorates the birth of the God Vishnu.

For ten nights and a day the perahera takes to the streets of Kandy, as the old cannon booms after dusk, the procession of elephants, dancers, drummers and torch bearers file past the pilgrims in their thousands as they line the path of the parade, shouting their pious cries of “Sadhu” (thanksgiving). The whip crackers clear the streets as the dancers leap and swirl in the air in frenzied rhythm, while the stately chiefs all dressed up in their traditional garb, walk along the drummers and torch bearers. Also you can count elephants in perahera. This is a memorable experience of a lifetime

2008 USA Basketball Men's Olympic Team Roster

2008-08-17T21:05:00.000-07:00

NO NAME

15 Carmelo Anthony

4 Carlos Boozer

12 Chris Bosh

10 Kobe Bryant

11 Dwight Howard

6 LeBron James

5 Jason Kidd G

13 Chris Paul G

14 Tayshaun Prince

8 Michael Redd

9 Dwyane Wade

7 Deron Williams

Susanthika in Olympic

2008-08-13T21:56:00.001-07:00

susanthika is my best sport woman.she is fresh after a six-month stint in Los Angeles where she has been training under American coach Tony Campbell, the man who guided her to Olympic glory at the Sydney 2000 Games. In order to fully concentrate on her pet event, Jayasinghe will not be competing in women's 100m here.

"I am in a better shape now. My training in the US helped me to be in perfect shape for the Olympics. Once again, my aim is to make my country proud," the Lankan sprint queen said after today's practice session.

But she did not want to talk about her chances here. "Let's tale everything step by step. Right now, I am concentrating on the first round heats. You have to wait and see how it goes.

That was exactly what I did on my way to my Olympic medal in Sydney, taking race by race and concentrating on my goals step by step," Jayasinghe said without elaborating anything on her medal chances.

Even at the last IAAF World Championships in Osaka, Japan, only a few people put their bets on Jayasinghe who has now reached the final lap of her distinguish track and field career.

Yet, she reached that gigantic task winning her second medal a bronze, in the World Championship. In 1997, she became the first Asian to win a medal in the history of the IAAF World Championship, winning women's 200m silver behind Zahana Pintusevich-Block.

The future of Sri Lankan spin

2008-08-12T02:19:00.001-07:00

The three-match ODI series between Sri Lanka and West Indies was not just about the hosts winning it 2-0, but also the introduction to international cricket of the new spinning phenomenon Ajantha Mendis. With Shane Warne having quit the scene two years ago and two of his contemporaries Muttiah Muralitharan and Anil Kumble nearing the end of their illustrious careers, it seemed spin was headed for a period of isolation in world cricket.

Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

2008-08-10T22:17:00.001-07:00

WELCOME

2008-07-23T02:33:00.000-07:00

Come & join with us & enjoy